Boiling happens at a specific temperature, while evaporation happens over a range of temperatures. Evaporation is a surface process, while boiling happens throughout the liquid.
High melting point and high boiling point. Good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten.
Transition metal forms colored ions They have variable oxidation states so can act as catalysts.
Because iron is more reactive than copper, the more reactive metal will displace the less reactive metal ion in the ionic compound in a displacement reaction.
Electrolysis the copper sulfate, oxygen is produced from the anode and copper is produced from the cathode.
Acid: proton donor Strong acid: an acid that is completely dissociated in aqueous solution.
No more fizzing The solid stopped dissolving
To make sure all acid is used up and the reaction goes to completion.
A solution that can hold no more solute at the specified temperature.
The zinc compound: zinc oxide or zinc hydroxide. The reason why it doesn’t work for barium sulfate: barium sulfate is insoluble.
The concentration of HCl decreases with time, so there are fewer particle collides per unit volume, less effective collision, and slower rate.
The minimum energy that colliding particles must have to react.
Higher temperature leads to more energy in particles, so they move faster, more frequent collisions between particles happen and a greater percentage of collisions have energy greater than the activation energy. Increasing the effective collision frequency to increase the rate.
Contain the same functional group differs from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit their physical properties increase with increasing carbon number, for example, increasing trend in boiling points and melting points. similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group.
Test: bromine water or aqueous bromine Result: changes from brown to colorless
Organic compound: diol Type of polymerization: condensation polymerization.
It has two more protons than electrons, while protons carry a positive charge and electrons carry a negative charge.
Sodium forms Na+ cations and delocalised electrons, the metallic bonding is essentially the attraction between those positive ions and electrons.
Mobile delocalized electrons within the metal lattice carry and transfer charges.
It is Ionic bonding, when sodium chloride melts, the ions, which are charged particles start moving and carrying charges.
Conditions: 450 °C, 1-2 atmosphere pressure, V2O5 as catalyst. Equation: 2SO2+O2⇌2SO3
the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. concentrations of reactants and products are constant.
Below 300°C: the reaction rate will be too slow since the temperature is too low, less frequent collision. Above 300°C: The yield of ethanoic acid is too low since the reaction shifts to the endothermic side with increasing temperature, which is the left-hand side for this reaction.
Condensation.
The powder has a larger surface area than lumps, so there are more collisions of particles per unit time for powder.
Solid stopped dissolving and NaCl solid remains in the solution.
Caesium hydroxide
Solid
Dissolving
precipitation
When bond breaks, energy is absorbed, when bond forms energy is released. So when the energy of making bonds > breaking bonds, the reaction is exothermic.
Lower the activation energy, create an alternative pathway, and increase the reaction rate.
Malleability
Particles slide over each other.
Copper is a metal with low reactivity compared to transition metals.
Hydrogen gas.
7< pH ⩽ 14, since potassium reacts with water to form KOH, which is a strong base, so it should have a pH range between 7-14.
450 °C , 200 atm
Glucose.
Lowering the temperature lowers the solubility of the solute, then a solid crystal would form in the solution and be filtered out.
At a solid state, ions are fixed in the lattice but start moving when at a liquid state, only mobile particles with charges can carry and transfer the electricity.
Galvanizing
The formation of rust requires the presence of water and oxygen, zinc coating prevents water and oxygen from reaching iron.
Since zinc is more reactive than iron, when a zinc block connects to iron, it gets oxidized instead of iron, this is called sacrificial protection.
Hydrocarbon.
When two reactants react, only one product is formed without any by-products.
Condition: presence of an acid, for example, sulfuric acid. Type of chemical change: oxidation.
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